| B.C.
(before Christ) |
| |
|
|
2.800
mio |
|
Scotland was “born” down
south, near the Antarctica, as part of a landmass consisting
of North America, Greenland, Ireland and Norway |
| |
|
|
1.000
mio |
|
Scotland (still part of the landmass mentioned
above) moved its way north (well, to be as precise as possible,
the direction was North East)
England was far away, many thousand kilometres south west, as
part of another continent (Europe) |
| |
|
|
400
mio |
|
The continental plates of Scotland/North America
and England/Europe collide |
| |
|
|
300
mio |
|
Scotland drifts near the Equator |
| |
|
|
65
mio |
|
Scotland breaks off of North America |
| |
|
|
2
mio |
|
First Ice Age, lasting until approx. 11.000 BC
with several intervals of global warming |
| |
|
|
11.000 |
|
Loch Lomond was built by end of Ice Age |
| |
|
|
7.000 |
|
First human inhabitants during the Mesolithic
period (Middle Stone Age). The people were nomadic. No evidence
of permanent settlements has been found yet.
("Mesolithic": Mesos=Middle,
Lithos=Stone. Mesolithic Age is a period of transition from
Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age) |
| |
|
|
6.000 |
|
Britain separates from Europe |
| |
|
|
3.100 |
|
Skara Brae village, on the west coast of the
Orkney mainland , built.
The stone houses still contain stone beds,
cupboards and dressers. It is now in the care of Historic Scotland.
|
| |
|
|
2.900 |
|
Maes Howe tomb, Orkney, built
(a large mound containing burial chambers.
It was built about 100 years earlier than the pyramids of Egypt
and is still the finest chambered tomb in North-West Europe.
Norsemen broke into the mound in the 12th century and carved
many runic inscriptions upon the walls of the chamber). |
| |
|
|
2.200 |
|
The “Bronze Age” |
| |
|
|
700 |
|
The “Iron Age” |
| |
|
|
200 |
|
First brochs
built |
| |
| A.D.
(Anno Domini - in the year of our Lord) |
| |
|
|
79 |
|
Romans (general Agricola) invade Scotland |
| |
|
|
83 |
|
Roman legionaries (5000 men) defeat Caledonian
tribes (30000) led by Calgacus at Mons Graupius (probably Bennachie,
Aberdeenshire, Grampian mountains), the first recorded battle
in Scotland’s history |
| |
|
|
122 |
|
Hadrian’s wall (named after the Roman Emperor
Hadrian) was built between the Solway Firth in the West and
the River Tyne in the East to exclude “the Barbarians” |
| |
|
|
142 |
|
Romans build Antonine Wall (named after the Emperor
Antonius Pius) between Forth and Clyde. The wall was built not
of stone but of turf |
| |
|
|
297 |
|
First mention of the Picts in historical records |
| |
|
|
367 |
|
Picts and Scots raided Hadrians’s Wall
|
| |
|
|
397 |
|
St. Ninian founded a monastery known as Candida
Casa at Whithorn.
Less than 20 years after his death the world-famous “Latinus
Stone” was erected at Whithorn |
| |
|
|
563 |
|
St. Columba of Ireland establishes a monastery
on Iona |
| |
|
|
538 |
|
Angles capture Din Eidyn and rename it Edinburgh |
| |
|
|
650 |
|
St. Cuthbert becomes a monk at Old Melrose at
the age of 16 |
| |
|
|
687 |
|
St. Cuthbert died and was burried on the island
of Lindisfarne (Holy Island) |
| |
|
|
793 |
|
First Viking (Norway) raid on the coast of Britain
at Lindisfarne
followed by raids on the Northern Isles (794), Iona and Skye
(795), the Hebrides (798) and again on Iona (802 and 806) |
| |
|
|
843 |
|
Union between Scots and Picts under Kenneth MacAlpin |
| |
|
|
849 |
|
St. Columba’s relics were brought from
Iona to Dunkeld |
| |
|
|
954 |
|
Scots (King Indulf) capture Edinburgh |
| |
|
|
1018 |
|
Battle of Carham - Scots defeat English at Carham |
| |
|
|
1040 |
|
Macbeth killed Duncan and seized the throne |
| |
|
|
1057 |
|
Macbeth killed at Lumphanan |
| |
|
|
1070 |
|
Malcolm III marries his second wife, Margaret
- later St. Margaret hence St. Margaret’s Chapel at Edinburgh
Castle - a Saxon princess |
| |
|
|
1072 |
|
William “the Conqueror” invades Scotland |
| |
|
|
1093 |
|
Malcolm III “Canmore” (Gaelic “Ceann
Mòr” = Great Chief) and his eldest son Edward were
killed whilst fighting in Northumberland |
| |
|
|
1098 |
|
Scotland formally cedes Hebrides to Norway |
| |
|
|
1136 |
|
David I (son of Malcolm III and Margaret) takes
control of Cumberland, Westmorland and Northumberland. He was
king in Scotland for 29 years but he was king not only of Scotland
but of northern England also. David I died in 1153 |
| |
|
|
1153 |
|
Malcolm IV succeeded his grandfather David I
at the age of 12 until he died in 1165 |
| |
|
|
1157 |
|
Henry II of England reclaims northern counties |
| |
|
|
1164 |
|
Somerled, “King of the Isles”, killed
at Renfrew |
| |
|
|
1165 |
|
Malcolm IV died and was succeeded by his brother,
William I, called “the lion” on account of his symbol
(the red lion rampant on a yellow field) |
| |
|
|
1263 |
|
Alexander III defeats Haakon IV of Norway at
the Battle of Largs |
| |
|
|
1266 |
|
Treaty of Perth sees Hebrides returned to Scotland |
| |
|
|
1286 |
|
Alexander III killed in fall from horse in Fife.
His granddaughter Margaret, "The Maid of Norway" becomes
Queen of Scots at the age of 3 |
| |
|
|
1290 |
|
Margaret, “the Maid of Norway” dies
suddenly in Kirkwall |
| |
|
|
1292 |
|
John Balliol is selected over Robert Bruce and
is crowned King of Scotland at Scone. |
| |
|
|
1295 |
|
pact signed between Scotland and France - the
“auld alliance”, that offers military support for
Scotland by France. Edward I of England saw this as a declaration
of war. The Treaty of Paris was actually the start of the wars
of independence |
| |
|
|
1296 |
|
Edward I “The Hammer of the Scots”
invades and deposes King John |
| |
|
|
1297 |
|
William Wallace and Andrew Moray lead Scots to
victory at Stirling Bridge |
| |
|
|
1298 |
|
William Wallace defeated at battle of Falkirk |
| |
|
|
1305 |
|
William Wallace executed in London |
| |
|
|
1306 |
|
Robert Bruce crowned king at Scone but then forced
to flee |
| |
|
|
1307 |
|
Robert Bruce returns
Edward I of England dies near Carlisle |
| |
|
|
1314 |
|
Robert Bruce defeats English at the battle of
Bannockburn |
| |
|
|
1320 |
|
The “Declaration
of Arbroath” |
| |
|
|
1328 |
|
Treaty of Edinburgh brings first War of Independence
to a close |
| |
|
|
1329 |
|
Robert Bruce dies peacefully at Cardross |
| |
|
|
1332 |
|
Scots defeated at Dupplin Moor.
Edward Balliol crowned king at Scone |
| |
|
|
1334 |
|
David II (Bruce) taken to France for his safety |
| |
|
|
1341 |
|
David II returns and immediately raids northern
England |
| |
|
|
1346 |
|
David II captured near Durham and taken to Tower
of London |
| |
|
|
1349 |
|
the pestilence (“Black Death”) killing
200.000 people (out of 1 mio) |
| |
|
|
1356 |
|
David II released from captivity, bringing Wars
of Independence to a close |
| |
|
|
1371 |
|
Robert II (a grandson of Robert the Bruce) becomes
king - first of the “Royal Stewarts” and started
the 300-year long dynasty of the Royal House of Stewart |
| |
|
|
1385 |
|
Richard II supported by a French army invades
eastern Borders and puts it to the fire and sword |
| |
|
|
1406 |
|
Prince James (future James I) captured by English
and sent to Tower of London |
| |
|
|
1411 |
|
Battle at Harlaw (near Aberdeen), where Highlanders
under Donald MacDonald , the Lord of the Isles fought against
Lowlanders under Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar (Donald’s
cousin). It was the first fought between Highlander and Lowlander
|
| |
|
|
1412 |
|
Scotland’s first University, St. Andrews,
founded |
| |
|
|
1424 |
|
James I returns to Scotland |
| |
|
|
1437 |
|
James I assassinated by his own nobles in Perth |
| |
|
|
1451 |
|
Glasgow University founded |
| |
|
|
1457 |
|
Football and golf banned by James II |
| |
|
|
1460 |
|
James II killed at siege of Roxburgh when one
of his own artillery pieces explodes.
James III received the crown at the age of 8 |
| |
|
|
1468/69 |
|
James III marries 10 year old Margaret, Princess
of Norway and Denmark.
Orkney and Shetland transferred from Norwegian to Scottish sovereignty |
| |
|
|
1470 |
|
James III made Edinburgh the capital of Scotland
|
| |
|
|
1472 |
|
Scotland’s first archbishopric established
at St. Andrews |
| |
|
|
1482 |
|
Berwick-Upon-Tweed ceded to England for good |
| |
|
|
1493 |
|
Lord of the Isles forfeited and Lordship finally
suppressed |
| |
|
|
1495 |
|
Aberdeen University founded |
| |
|
|
1503 |
|
James IV weds Margaret Tudor of England, daughter
of Henry VII “marriage of the thistle and the rose” |
| |
|
|
1508 |
|
First Scottish books printed in Edinburgh |
| |
|
|
1513 |
|
James IV and 5000 Scots killed at Flodden.
James V is crowned at the age of 1 |
| |
|
|
1528 |
|
Patrick Hamilton, a Lutheran preacher, burnt
at St. Andrews for heresy - start of “the Reformation” |
| |
|
|
1532 |
|
College of Justice (Court of Session) established |
| |
|
|
1540 |
|
Crown of Scotland made by John Mosman for James
V |
| |
|
|
1542 |
|
Scots lose the Battle of Solway moss. James V
dies after the battle and right after his wife, Mary of Guise,
gave birth to a daughter, Mary |
| |
|
|
1543 |
|
Mary is crowned Queen of Scots at Stirling Castle,
at the age of nine months |
| |
|
|
1544 |
|
Start of the “War of the Rough Wooing”,
when Henry VIII wanted to impose a marriage between his son
Edward and Mary |
| |
|
|
1547 |
|
10.000 Scots killed at Pinkie |
| |
|
|
1548 |
|
Young Mary Queen of Scots sent to France for
her safety, where she remained for 13 years |
| |
|
|
1558 |
|
Fourteen year old Mary Queen of Scots marries
fifteen year old Francoise, Dauphin of France in Paris |
| |
|
|
1559 |
|
John Knox returns to Scotland and preaches against
Catholicism |
| |
|
|
1560 |
|
Parliament passes Act of Reformation.
First General Assembly meets |
| |
|
|
1561 |
|
Mary Queen of Scots returns from exile to begin
her personal reign |
| |
|
|
1567 |
|
Mary forced to abdicate in favour of her infant
son, James VI.
First Gaelic book - "Knox’s Liturgy” published |
| |
|
|
1581 |
|
First kirk presbyteries established |
| |
|
|
1582 |
|
Edinburgh University founded |
| |
|
|
1590 |
|
North Berwick witches burned at stake in Edinburgh
Between 1560 and 1700 almost 2000 Scots, most of them women,
were executed for withchraft |
| |
|
|
1600 |
|
1 January adopted as start of calendar year (previously
25 March, Feast of the Annunciation |
| |
|
|
1603 |
|
Elisabeth I. of England died and James VI of
Scotland (son of Mary Queen of Scots) becomes James I of England
also - the “Union of the Crowns” |
| |
|
|
1608 |
|
Scottish “plantation” of Ulster begins |
| |
|
|
1613 |
|
Elisabeth, daughter of James I. married German
elector Friedrich V. (both at the age of 16), a guarantee for
the English parliament against the Roman Catholic inclinations
of the house Stuart. The wedding took place in London, while
it was celebrated with a big feast at the castle of Heidelberg |
| |
|
|
1621 |
|
The colonisation of Nova Scotia begins with parcels
of land being sold to wealthy and willing Scots by Lord Stirling,
who received title to Nova Scotia |
| |
|
|
1622/23 |
|
Country devastated by famine |
| |
|
|
1625 |
|
James I. died after reigning for 57 years. No
king of Scots had ever reigned so long.
Charles I. becomes king |
| |
|
|
1626 |
|
Charles I. marries Henrietta Maria, daughter
of Henry IV of France |
| |
|
|
1633 |
|
Charles I. returned to Scotland, the land of
his birth, for his coronation in Edinburgh |
| |
|
|
1638 |
|
National Covenant signed |
| |
|
|
1643 |
|
Solemn League and Covenant agreed with English
Parliament |
| |
|
|
1644/45 |
|
Marquis of Montrose’s campaigns on behalf
of Charles I |
| |
|
|
1649 |
|
Charles I is beheaded by Oliver Cromwell despite
protests from the Scots.
The Scots parliament proclaims Charles II as King.
The English Parliament declares England to be a Republic |
| |
|
|
1650 |
|
Cromwell invades Scotland.
The Scots form a defensive line within Edinburgh |
| |
|
|
1651 |
|
Charles II crowned king at Scone but forced into
exile shortly after |
| |
|
|
1653 |
|
Scotland and England formally joined - the “United
Commonwealth” |
| |
|
|
1658 |
|
Cromwell dies |
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
part 1: 2800
mio. B.C. - 1658 A.D.
